Cuneiform :: Egyptian Writing Essays

Cuneiform The earliest writing in Mesopotamia was a externalize writing invented by the Sumerians who wrote on clay tablets using long reeds. The book of account the Sumerians invented and handed down to the Semitic peoples who conquered Mesopotamia in later centuries, is called cuneiform, which is derived from two Latin words cuneus , which means wedge, and forma , which means shape. This picture language, similar to but more than abstract than Egyptian hieroglyphics, eventually developed into a syllabic alphabet under the Semites (Assyrians and Babylonians) who eventually came to dominate the area. In Sumer, the original writing was pictographic (picture writing) individual words were represented by crude pictorial symbols that resembled in some way the object being represented, as in the Sumerian word for king. The first symbol pictures gal, or great, and the second pictures lu, or man. Eventually, this pictorial writing developed into a more ab stract series of wedges and hooks. These wedges and hooks are the original cuneiform and represented in Sumerian entire words (this is called ideographic and the word symbols are called ideograms, which means concept writing) the Semites who adopted this writing, however, wheel spoke an entirely different language, in fact, a language as different from Sumerian as English is different from Japanese. In order to adapt this alien writing to a Semitic language, the Akkadians converted it in part to a syllabic writing system individual signs represent entire syllables. However, in rise to power to syllable symbols, some cuneiform symbols are ideograms (picture words) representing an entire word these ideograms might also, in other contexts, be simply syllables. For instance, in Assyrian, the cuneiform for the syllable ki is written. However, as an ideogram, this cuneiform also stands for the Assyrian word irsitu , or earth. So reading cuneiform invo lves mastering a large syllabic alphabet as head as a large number of ideograms, many of them identical to syllable symbols. This complicated writing system dominated Mesopotamia until the century before the birth of Christ the Persians greatly simplified cuneiform until it represented something closer to an alphabet.