Psychology †Pretty Little Liars Style Essay

psychological recognition The science of behavior and mental assistes nature vs. Nurture The contr all oversy over the impact which genes and experiences produce on psychological behaviors. Just uniform in the Bad Seed (performed at rosewood tree High,) psychologists winder if evil is something inherited or learned. Basic enquiry cognition whose main goal is to increase the scientific knowledge base. Applied Research Scientific studies which aim to solve practical problems, like forensics being use to determine if the Liars evidence is real. Clinical Psychology A branch of Psychology which studies psychological disorders.Mona would have to have becharmn a clinical psychologist that chick cray. psychiatry A branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders, with physicians who often discontinue medicine to their patients. Empiricism The concept that knowledge comes from experience via the senses, while science comes from observation and experimentation. Jenna had lost the sense of sight, so in a strange, experiential sense, she could be less knowledgeable than the Liars if not, she certainly is more crazy. Hindsight Bias The tilt to believe that after a known forthcome a somebody had known it all along.Reminiscent of tribe claiming they had known Toby is move off of the A team It cant be true simulated Consensus Effect The tendency to overestimate the extent to which others sh are our beliefs and behaviors. alike(p) to how Spencer entirely opened up to Toby, assuming that there was no way he was involved with A. Illusory Correlation Surely connected to the phrase correlation is not causation, this is the perception of a relationship where n star exists. kindred to how Noel unbroken imagining a relationship betwixt himself and Aria.Independent Variable The experimental grammatical constituent which is being manipulated and whose effect is being studied ust like how A manipulates the Liars to memorise them crack. Dependent Variable T he experimental factor which is being measured. A manipulates the Liars to see how far she can get them to crack. Evolutionary uprise The study of psychology using the principles of natural selection. A seems to follow Darwins theories, eliminating the weakest of the NAT club one by one. Biological Approach The study of Psychology linking psychological progresses and biology, such(prenominal) as genetics. This is analogous to As belief that Aria would have an action with Ezra only when because her father had also had a student-teacher relationship.Behavior Genetics Approach A theory which determines how our environment influences our individual differences. The Liars all had secrets similar to the ones their parents had kept, be it lying, cheating, or stealing. Psychoanalytic Approach Studies using Freuds theories on how the unconscious mind drives our behavior. Humanistic Approach Emphasize the growth potential of healthy mint. such as the ever beautiful Keegan Allen. Struct uralism An early cultivate of psychology which used introspection to explore the structure of the human mind. Similar to how Dr.Sullivan asked Hanna to think back about her relationship with Alison to help her move old her death. Functionalism A school of psychology which focused on how mental process allow an organism to correct, survive, and flourish. In the movie Psycho (scenes from which were replicated in the episode unmAsked) Bates had fabricate his mother in order to cope with his life and adapt to his condition. Human Factors Psychology The study of how people and machines interact. For instance, how the Liars are so dependent on their electric cellphones, even though thats what brings them misery.Bottoms-Up Processing Perception, or digest of arresting breeding, which begins with the sense receptor and works up to the brains integration of sensory information. Aria and Emily had first seen Caleb talking on the phone, and after listening to him talk, they then take n his conversation to mean that he was lying to Hanna. Top-Down Processing A form of higher level mental process which constructs perceptions based on experience and expectation, more similar to how Spencer learns information. Sensory Adaptation Diminished aesthesia in consequence of constant stimulation.Similar to Paiges concern over the fact that Emily has become so used to A that she no yearlong realizes the danger she constantly is in. Associative Learning Learning that two events come together, typically stimuli and a consequence. Similar to the Liars becoming convinced that every ad thing that happens to them is linked to A. Behaviorism The view that Psychology should be an accusatory science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Many people had believed that Mona was not truly sick because of her mental state, alone merely because of her objective behavior.Classical Conditioning A learning style where an organism associates stimuli. Pavlovs study o f dogs salivating was a large factor. The Liars had received texts from A and got scared, now simply hearing their phone go off is enough to scare them. ignorant Response The unlearned response in classical conditioning, in this case, the guardianship behind the texts. Unconditioned Stimulus The excitant which naturally triggers a response. In this case, A. Conditioned Response The learned response to a antecedently neutral stimulus. The Liars learned to fear their cellphones.Stimulus An irrelevant stimulus which last becomes a stimulus in classical conditioning. In this case the Liars cell phones. Conditioned Generalization The tendency once a response is conditioned, for similar stimuli to issue the same response. For instance, if the Liars were to then fear their computers and other technology as well. Acquisition The initial stage in classical conditioning where the stimulus first elicits a response. Like when the Liars first jumped after hearing Arias cell phone ring at Ali sons funeral.Extinction The change magnitude of a conditioned response, such as after Mona was found to be A. operative Conditioning A learning style where behavior is change following wages or diminished by punishment. Like A terrorizing the Liars to punish them for how they acted around Alison. Law of Effect Thordikes principles that behavior followed by favorable consequences become more likely and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely. For instance, Byron stopped having affairs after Alison bneedinessmailed him in punishment for his actions.Operant Chamber The Skinner Box used to teach rats to hit a bar in order to obtain food or water. do An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward close-set(prenominal) and closer approximations of a desired goal, like guiding mice to a circumstantial area of a cage. A does this to lure Spencer into the fun house at the founders day festival. Fixed-Interval Schedule In op erant conditioning, a instrument of reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a specific substance of time. Similar to having a birthcheck and a specified pay day, which Ashley did have, plainly it just didnt seem to be enough.Variable-Ratio Schedule A schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response at an unpredictable amount of responses. Similar to Lucas and his gambling problem. Latent Learning Subject matter which is learned but not demonstrated, such as Mona pretending to be less keen then she really is. Overjustification Act When you reward someone for doing something they already like to do, such as Emily winning anchor. They wont see it as a reward, but that doesnt mean former psychopaths like Paige wont see it that way. Neuron A nerve cell, the basic edifice farce of the sickening system.Just like how Alison was the main building block of the Liars. Dendrites The branching extensions of a neuron that receive impulses, such as the Liars receiving infor mation from A. Axon The extension of a neuron through which messages are send to other neurons or to muscles or glands. Toby was an extension of Spencer who sent out messages as A. Myelin Sheath A layer of tissue that encases neurons. It enables fleet transmission of neural impulses. The Liars families and their secrets protect the Liars, yet A uses them to get crosswise their message more clearly. doorway The level of stimulation required to trigger a neural response. After decision Toby was A, Spencers scepter for tolerating Mona sunk to an all-time low. Acetylcholine A neurotransmitter that triggers muscle contraction. Such as the neurotransmitter that sees bewitching Little Liars fans twitch every time Toby comes on screen. aboriginal Nervous System The brain and the spinal cord, which are linked to pick something Alison was terrible at. Autonomic Nervous System The part of the peripheral flighty system that prevails the internal organs.Such as the gorgeous boys of the test who control the hearts of the Liars. Sympathetic Nervous System The part of the autonomic nauseous system that arouses the body. Parasympathetic Nervous System The part of the autonomic nervous system which calms the body. Medulla The area of the brain that controls breathing and heart beats. common sense The process of sensory receptors receiving stimulant energies from the environment. This can be analogous with the Liars gaining clues to As identity. Perception The process of interpreting sensory information to get by objects and events.Analogous with interpreting clues to determine who A is. Psychophysics The study of the relationship between physical characteristics of stimuli, such as intensity, and the psychological experience of them. Absolute Threshold The minimum stimulation needed to detect a stimulus one-half of the time. The absolute threshold for Pretty Little Liars fans is low considering the intensity of their cliffhangers. imperceptible Something below the absolute threshold for conscious awareness. The clues that are in the show are subliminal while being watched, but only make sense when considered with hindsight bias.Webers Law The principal that two stimuli must(prenominal) differ by a constant minimum percentage to be able to tell the difference. Apparently the difference between Alison and her twin are too minimal to pass the Liars threshold. Sensory Adaptation Diminished sensibility as a consequence of constant stimulation. After the blow of finding out Toby was A, it really shouldnt surprise me that Spencer would join the A team as well. Optic Nerve The nerve that carries neural impulses from the centre of solicitude to the brain. Something Jenna lacks. Sensory Interaction The concept that senses influence each other.While Jenna was blind, her lack of vision altered her taste for food. Selective Attention Focusing attention on one stimulus, such as Spencer ignoring Alex at Homecoming to pay attention to Emily and Toby. Per spectives/Approaches Methods of Research Social Psychology Biological Bases of Behavior exploitation Learning, Cognition, Language, Intelligence Sensation/Perception Motivation/Emotion States of Consciousness disposition Theories Abnormal Psychology People Foot-In-The-Door Theory The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.This would make it easy for the A-Team to attract followers. As presently as they agree to send one taunting text to the Liars as revenge on Alison, the next thing you know theyre track over Hanna with a car. Social Facilitation Improved performance of tasks in the battlefront of others, often occurs with simple or well-learned tasks, but not with difficult or unmastered ones. When Toby and Spencer ran together, they probably ran faster and longer than if they had been alone.